Paris, France/parisB304

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"Charlemagne et ses Leudes" (Charlemagne and his noblemen guards), a bronze statue by Charles and Louis Rochet (1882). Charlemagne (742-814), King of the Franks, directed cathedrals and monasteries to establish schools where clergy and laity might learn to read and write, and later to study grammar, music, and arithmetic. This idea spread and developed until Universities were common, teaching a liberal arts curriculum of the “trivium” — grammar, rhetoric, and logic — and then the “quadrivium” — arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.